Spike as a superantigen

Superantigen theory notes

https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1016/0882-4010(87)90003-9 - In the TMEV virus, inbred mice can be more susceptible or more resistant to the virus.

Kawasaki disease (similar to MIS-C)

https://sci-hub.se/10.1097/00001432-199506000-00005 - This 1995 links superantigens from S. Aureus and group A streptococci to staphlococcal and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, Kawasaki syndrome, and the chronic diseases arthritis, guttate psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis.

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41422-021-00495-9 - SARS COV 2 spike protein activates TLR4 and acts as a superantigen

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/16/2526 - Unlike SEB, the SARS-CoV-2 spike does not exhibit an intrinsic superantigen-like activity (!!!).

TLR4

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12799214/ - LPS is used in Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) model. LPS and Freund's adjuvant behave differently.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18203139/ - !!! The TLR4 pathway seems to regulate the priming of Th17 cells and reduce the severity of EAE.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19211042/ - "TLR4 down regulates disease severity in EAE and Th17 cell responses"

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21685327/ - This study had conflicting results. TLR4 knockout mice had the same susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1375233/ - TLR4 ligands include LPS, Taxol

https://jitc.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40425-019-0625-x - LPS is used to treat cancer as a TLR4 ligand / vaccine adjuvant.

http://www.worldcat.org/title/1051926526 - LPS and Freund's are used in the livestock industry for a commercial purpose (???measuring vaccine response???)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3064511/ - Review of TLRs (Toll-like receptors) in Multiple Sclerosis / experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2327198/ - Bacterial LPS acts as an adjuvant to induce autoimmune arthritis in mice. LPS enhances MRL/lpr nephritis, experimental autoimmune uveitis, experimental autoimmune myocarditis and experimental autoimmune enterocolitis.

Myocarditis

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/iid3.155 - Autoimmune myocarditis model, CFA / TiterMax Gold Adjuvant + myocarditogenic peptides in male mice

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31005592/ - Leonurine alleviates LPS-induced myocarditis through suppressing the NF-кB signaling pathway